There are many books and articles about elephants. We have selected a few about Sumatran elephants for you. If you know of an interesting article about Sumatran elephants that is not yet included in our list, please drop us a message

New book about Sumatran elephants, written by SECI president Alexander Mossbrucker: Island Elephants - The Giants of Sumatra


Blake, S., and Hedges, S. (2004). Sinking the flagship: the case of forest elephants in Asia and Africa. Conservation Biology 18:1191–1202.

Blouch, R.A., and Haryanto (1984). Elephants in Southern Sumatra. Unpublished report, IUCN/WWF Project 3033, Bogor, Indonesia.

Blouch, R.A., and Simbolon, K., (1985). Elephants in Northern Sumatra. Unpublished report, IUCN/WWF Project 3033, Bogor, Indonesia.

Departemen Kehutanan (2007). Strategi Dan Rencana Aksi Konservasi Gajah Sumatera Dan Gajah Kalimantan 2007-2017. Direktorat Jenderal Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam - Departemen Kehutanan RI.

Dublin, H., Desai, A. A., Hedges, S., Vié, J.-C., Bambaradeniya, C., Lopez, A. (2006). Report: Elephant Range States Meeting, 24 – 26 January 2006. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Fleischer, R. C., E. A. Perry, K. Muralidharan, E. Stevens, Wemmer, C. M. (2001). Phylogeography of the Asian elephant (Elephasmaximus) based on mitochondrial DNA. Evolution 55:1882–1892.

Hedges, S. and Gunaryadi, D. (2009). Reducing human-elephant conflict: do chillies help deter elephants from entering crop fields? Oryx 44(1): 139-146.

Hedges, S., Tyson, M. J., Sitompul, A. F., Hammatt, H. (2006). Why Inter-Country Loans Will Not Help Sumatra’s Elephants. Zoo Biology 25:235–246 (2006)

Hedges, S., Tyson, M.J., Sitompul, A.F., Kinnaird, M.F., Gunaryadi, D., Asla, N. (2005). Distribution, status, and conservation needs of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Lampung Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Biological Conservation 124:35-48.

Hutadjulu, B., and Janis, B. (2002). The care and management of domesticated elephants in Sumatra, Indonsesia. In Giants on our hands: proceedings of the International Workshop on the Domesticated Asian Elephant, Bangkok, Thailand 5-10 February 2001. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.

International Elephant Foundation (2004). Sumatran Elephant Conservation Centers. Project Information, (accessed on 01.04.2009).

Kashio, M. (2002). Summary of the International Workshop on the Domesticated Asian Elephant. Giants on our hands: proceedings of the International Workshop on the Domesticated Asian Elephant, Bangkok, Thailand 5-10 February 2001. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.

Kempf, E., and Santiapillai, C. (2000). Asian Elephants in the Wild, 2000. A WWF Species Status Report. WWF-International, Gland, Switzerland. 

Kinnaird, M.F., Sanderson, E.W., O´Brien, T.G., Wibisono, H.T., Woolmer, G. (2003). Deforestation Trends in a Tropical Landscape and Implications for Endangered Large Mammals. Conservation Biology Volume 17, 1:245-257

Lair, R. C. (1997). Gone Astray. The care and management of the Asian elephant in domesticity. Bangkok: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific: RAP).

Moßbrucker A.M. (2009). Zum Status des Sumatra Elefanten im Landschaftsraum Bukit Tigapuluh, Sumatra, Indonesien. Diplomarbeit, Universität Freiburg, Deutschland. ("On the status of the Sumatran Elephant in the Bukit Tigapuluh landscape, Sumatra, Indonesia"). Diploma thesis, University of Freiburg, Germany.

Moßbrucker, A. M., Apriyana, I., Fickel, J., Imron, M. A., Pudyatmoko, S., Sumardi, and Suryadi, H., 2015, "Non-invasive genotyping of Sumatran elephants : implications for conservation", Tropical Conservation Science, 8(3), 745–59.

Moßbrucker, A. M., Fleming, C. H., Imron, M. A., Pudyatmoko, S., and Sumardi, 2016a, "AKDEc home range size and habitat selection of Sumatran elephants.", Wildlife Research, 43(7), 566–75.

Moßbrucker, A. M., Imron, M. A., Pudyatmoko, S., Pratje, P.-H., and Sumardi, 2016b, "Modeling the Fate of Sumatran Elephants in Bukit Tigapuluh, Indonesia: Research Needs & Implications for Population Management", Journal of Forestry Science, 10(1), 5–18.

Mossbrucker, A. M. 2020 "Sumatran Mammals - Photographs from Camera Traps in the Bukit Tigapuluh Landscape". Frankfurt Zoological Society, Jambi 2020. 

Mossbrucker, A. M. 2021 "Island Elephants. The Giants of Sumatra". International Elephant Project 2021. 

Nyhus, P. J., Tilson, R., Sumianto (2000). Crop-raiding elephants and conservation implications at Way Kambas National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia. Oryx 34 (4): 262-274

Reilly, J. (2002a). The biology, ecology and conservation of the Sumatran elephant Elephas maximus sumatranus in Way Kambas National Park, Sumatra. PhD thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK.

Reilly, J. (2002b) Growth in the Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) and age estimation based on dung diameter. Journal of Zoology 258: 205–213.

Santiapillai, C. (1991). Estimating elephant numbers and densities in Asia: case studies from Sri Lanka and Sumatra. In Censusing Elephants in Forests. Proceedings of an International Workshop (Ed. byU. Ramakrishnan, J.A. Santosh, & R. Sukumar). Pp. 46-50. Asian Elephant Conservation Centre, Bangalore.

Senanayake, S., and Kusumawardhani, L. (1986). Crop depredation by wild elephants around the Way Kambas Game Reserve and mitigative measures. Bogor: The School of Environmental Conservation Management.

Shoshani, J., and Eisenberg, J.F. (1982). Elephas maximus. Mammalian Species 182:1-8.

Suprayogi, B., Sugardjito, J., and Lilley R.P.H. (2002). Management of Sumatran elephants in Indonesia: Problems and challenges. In Giants on our hands: proceedings of the International Workshop on the Domesticated Asian Elephant, Bangkok, Thailand 5-10 February 2001. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.


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